Measles, caused by the Measles morbillivirus, is among the most contagious diseases and poses significant risks to young children. Despite advancements in healthcare and vaccination, measles remains a primary global health concern, particularly in regions with low immunisation coverage.

Understanding the effects of measles in early childhood, its complications, and the importance of prevention is crucial to safeguarding children's health worldwide.

The Nature and Symptoms of Measles

Measles is primarily transmitted through respiratory droplets when an infected individual coughs or sneezes. It has an incubation period of approximately 10–14 days, after which symptoms manifest. In young children, measles typically presents with a high fever, cough, runny nose, and conjunctivitis (red, watery eyes). A hallmark of measles is the appearance of Koplik spots, tiny white lesions inside the mouth, which often precede the characteristic red rash. The rash typically begins at the hairline and spreads downward to the face, trunk, and limbs, marking the progression of the disease.

Complications in Early Years

For infants and young children, measles can lead to severe and life-threatening complications. Pneumonia, a common secondary infection, is the leading cause of death among children with measles. Ear infections are also prevalent, sometimes resulting in permanent hearing loss. Encephalitis, or brain inflammation, is a rare but severe complication that can cause seizures, long-term neurological damage, or even death. Another particularly devastating outcome is Subacute Sclerosing Panencephalitis (SSPE), a fatal brain condition that may develop years after measles infection. Additionally, measles can exacerbate malnutrition in children, particularly in those with a vitamin A deficiency, further weakening their immune systems and increasing susceptibility to other illnesses.

The Role of Prevention

Vaccination is the cornerstone of measles prevention. The Measles, Mumps, and Rubella (MMR) vaccine is highly effective and safe. It is typically administered in two doses: the first at 12–15 months of age and the second at 4–6 years. This vaccine protects individuals and contributes to herd immunity, reducing the overall spread of the virus within communities. In addition to vaccination, public health measures such as improved sanitation, education on hygiene practices, and prompt isolation of infected individuals are essential in curbing outbreaks.

Addressing Measles Outbreaks

Despite the availability of effective vaccines, measles outbreaks continue to occur, often in areas with low immunisation rates. The reasons for low coverage include misinformation about vaccines, logistical challenges in remote regions, and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Global health organisations have successfully addressed these issues by implementing vaccination campaigns, particularly in high-risk areas. Vitamin A supplementation is also provided to children in many parts of the world, as it reduces the severity of measles and the risk of complications.

Supporting Children with Measles

Supportive care is crucial for children who contract measles. While no antiviral treatment for measles exists, hydration, nutrition, and fever management can help alleviate symptoms. Antibiotics may treat secondary bacterial infections, such as ear infections or pneumonia. Vitamin A supplementation is essential, as it reduces complications and shortens the duration of the illness.

Measles in early childhood is a serious health concern with the potential for severe complications and long-term consequences. However, it is preventable through effective vaccination and public health measures. Ensuring widespread immunisation and addressing barriers to vaccine access are essential to eliminating measles as a public health threat. We can protect children from this dangerous disease and its devastating impact by prioritising education, healthcare infrastructure, and proactive vaccination campaigns.